Mexican-American War - A History

The First Article Is Hiv Disclosure Essay - 1677 Words

The topic of the first article is HIV disclosure. There is a current epidemic concerning African-American/Black men (Bird, Viosin, 2013). Black Americans are more affected by HIV when compared to White Americans (Bird, Viosin, 2013). This is due to the sexual conduct of Black American men who have intercourse with men (Bird, Viosin, 2013). Black American men represent 73% of individuals who are diagnosed with HIV in the year 2009 (Bird, Viosin, 2013). The high percentage of Black Americans with HIV brings the question about self-disclosure. Recent studies have found the Black American men were less likely than White Americans to disclose their HIV status. The problem or focus of this study is to explore themes related with a primary barrier to sexual communication, and effective HIV prevention. Because of the high percentage of individuals who are unaware of their HIV status and the HIV infection rates, prevention strategies have been geared toward routine HIV testing for HIV positive individuals (Bird, Viosin, 2013). It is believed that an HIV positive status is less stigmatized as a result of these procedures (Bird, Viosin, 2013). Even with HIV status being less stigmatized, negative views still exist. Infected individuals are facing discrimination from friends, family, co-workers, and strangers (Bird, Viosin, 2013). It is expected that the efforts geared toward interventions aimed at HIV-positive individuals will help to increase self-disclosureShow MoreRelatedHiv / Aids : An Integral Part Of Society That Shapes The Way We Live And Interact With The957 Words   |  4 Pagescitizens, but sometimes that is not the case. With the emergence of HIV/AIDS in the United States, laws have been created in order to decrease the incidence rate but has instead increased stigma around HIV/AIDS. This results in people with HIV being discriminated against by not only their peers but the government that is responsible for keeping them safe. This blatant, federally endorsed, discrimination discourages those with HIV to seek out the appropriate care that they need due to possible punishmentRead MoreCounseling Sexually Active Clients with Hiv Essay examples5394 Words   |  22 PagesSex: Conditions of Disclosure in Counseling Sexually Active Clients with HIV Elliot D. Cohen, Ph.D. The present HIV pandemic presents challenges for mental health practitioners who, in the course of therapy, sometimes become privy to confidential information about potentially lethal sexual relationships ongoing between the client and one or more uninformed partner(s). In this lecture I will discuss the current professional/legal status of making disclosure in such cases, and my workRead MoreEthical Dilemma of Hiv Disclosure in Intimate Relationships5638 Words   |  23 PagesHIV Prevention with Positives in Thailand: Ethical Dilemma of HIV Status Disclosure in intimate relationship. Abstract Every year, there are about ten thousand new HIV infection cases in Thailand. The majority of new HIV transmissions in Thailand have changed from commercial sex to intimate relationships while HIV prevention generally focuses on self protection and universal precaution. In 2003, Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend to integrate HIV preventive measure into routineRead MoreHiv Viral Suppression Of More Than 200 Copies / Ml Of Blood Is Not The Gold Standard1285 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough a HIV viral suppression of less than 200 copies/mL of blood is not the gold standard at most sites. the rate is measured via the same definition across HHS agencies and programs. This includes HRSA and its HAB (2015) under which the RWHAP Part C falls, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and CMS through â€Å"Medicaid, Medicare Physician Quality Reporting System, Physician Feedback/Quality and Resource Use Reports, [and a] Physician Value-Based Payment Modifier† (N ational QualityRead MoreThe Constant Gardener, The 2005 Intellectual Thriller Directed By Fernando Meirelles1721 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribe why it is important to regulate the activities of drug companies, to examine the unethical treatment of patients in developing countries, and to also review real life applicable literature which consists of only health-related scientific articles and journals. I believe this film was created with the intent to expose the corruption of powerful pharmaceutical companies in the health care industry, and to shed light on the damage they may cause to innocent patients living in developing countriesRead MoreHealthcare Privacy And Security Laws3468 Words   |  14 Pagesregulations and the differences between them. There are certain reporting obligations and penalties that must be obeyed in case of violation of these laws/ regulations which will discuss here. This paper also reviews the varying regulations in the case of HIV privacy in regards to children, and women. 1. INTRODUCTION Today personal information of individuals is maintained in the form of electronic records rather than paper based records. The technical for this is Electronic Health Records. There are certainRead MoreThe Cultural Atmosphere Of South Africa1362 Words   |  6 PagesMoving on from the previous notion that legal systems impact our perceptions as a collective, Elisa Longinett’s study of those living with HIV in South Africa examines the risk of volatile reactions found after sexual disclosure to their partners. What was found that the biggest indicator whether one would face volatile reactions were based upon their sex and their level of income: males with money were less at risk than males without, and males without high income were less likely than females withoutRead MoreSecurity Privacy Confidentiality of Health Information in the Philippines2076 Words   |  9 Pagesin healthcare. There are no SPC provisions in the Medical Act of 1959. Thrice in the Senate (by Dadivas, Cayetano, and Revilla), a Patient Bill of Rights was proposed, but none seem to have been passed. In the Magna Carta of Patients’ Rights, article 3 section 4 states the patients’ Right to Privacy and Confidentiality : The privacy of the patients must be assured at all stages of his treatment. The patient has the right to be free from unwarranted public exposure, except in the following cases:Read MoreFactors Associated with Non-Condom Use among Homosexuals1314 Words   |  6 Pagestransmitted infection (Bull, S et al, 2012). Although the risk of acquiring such infections is common among heterosexual couples, male to male sexual behaviour has been considered as the primary risk factor for STIs, especially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Geibel et al, 2010). The behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM) and their sexual activities are well documented in several literatures; however, there has been little interventions done by authorities to prevent transmission due to its sociallyRead MoreStigma And Discrimination Face By People Living With Hiv / Aids2558 Words   |  11 PagesStigma and discrimination face by people living with HIV/AIDS The concept of â€Å"stigma† was thoroughly researched and defined by Roura et al., (2009) as â€Å"a special kind of relationship between attribute and stereotype† when the attribute is â€Å"deeply discrediting†. Although, literature on stigma is approximately 40 years old, it is still widely referenced to introduce the term and discuss its implications. All cultures have shared beliefs and meanings which help them interpret experiences and behavior

My Dad, My Hero Free Essays

Nikki Jones Prof. French English 1301 2/11/2013 My Dad Some people might say that the perfect dad does not exist, I don’t know what they know, but what I surely know is that my dad is perfect for me and he is the greatest grandfather. Everything my dad do is special to me, the way he dresses, the way he moves, the way he behave, the way he speaks etc. We will write a custom essay sample on My Dad, My Hero or any similar topic only for you Order Now I just think that it could be greatest thing ever if I could ever meet a man half as great as my dad. My dad is a coach. He is usually wearing tennis shoes, sweatpants and a comfy t-shirt not in an I don’t care kind of look, but like an coach would look. Looking at him you can tell that he is very laid back and easy going. Just the other we were out to eat and this man walks up to him and says â€Å"You look like a coach. I need to talk to one. † However, if you know my dad like I do, you would know that he dresses in all kind of clothes, such as cheap, expensive, soft, formal, informal, etc. I really like it when he wears his suit that is when he his suit that is when he is the most handsome. My father is sort of a large built man standing around 5’10. I’m hesitating to call him fat because he is muscular but he does have a large round belly. He is mostly bald the little hair he does have is gray and he sort of walks like a penguin. He tells me when I was younger he would rock me to sleep on his belly. He is the kind of person that is interesting to listen. His voice is calming and soothing. Every time that I need to hear e an honest opinion, I always go with my father, because he gives me his opinion from the bottom of his heart. At other times when he wants to tell me something that his good or bad, he waits the perfect moment to tell me, it is usually somewhere where that is calm and relaxed. My dad always tries to give me his advice. Sometimes it might appear as I don’t listen or care but when he gives me some advice, it is very important and dear to me. He gives me the support that everyone needs, when my does give his support, I feel safe and very confident. My father is very soothing and affectionate and loving man. He always treats my mom with love and care no matter where and with whom. He wraps his big but soft hands around her shoulders and tells her that he loves her. He never fails to tell me and my siblings how much he loves and cares about us. I will look into his glowing brown eyes and they are shining every time he says to me and that’s how I know he means it. I remember when I was younger around 6 maybe. My sister and I was in the royal court at school they had all the fathers dance with the daughter(the sweethearts). We were fighting just about that entire week on he gets to dance with him. One the day of the dance he took both us by the hands and with us both. We both felt warm and secure in his arms. At that moment I knew that he would as be there for us, he would as love us and do whatever it is to keep us happy. I will always love him and hope one day to meet someone like him. How to cite My Dad, My Hero, Essay examples

My Dad, My Hero Free Essays

Nikki Jones Prof. French English 1301 2/11/2013 My Dad Some people might say that the perfect dad does not exist, I don’t know what they know, but what I surely know is that my dad is perfect for me and he is the greatest grandfather. Everything my dad do is special to me, the way he dresses, the way he moves, the way he behave, the way he speaks etc. We will write a custom essay sample on My Dad, My Hero or any similar topic only for you Order Now I just think that it could be greatest thing ever if I could ever meet a man half as great as my dad. My dad is a coach. He is usually wearing tennis shoes, sweatpants and a comfy t-shirt not in an I don’t care kind of look, but like an coach would look. Looking at him you can tell that he is very laid back and easy going. Just the other we were out to eat and this man walks up to him and says â€Å"You look like a coach. I need to talk to one. † However, if you know my dad like I do, you would know that he dresses in all kind of clothes, such as cheap, expensive, soft, formal, informal, etc. I really like it when he wears his suit that is when he his suit that is when he is the most handsome. My father is sort of a large built man standing around 5’10. I’m hesitating to call him fat because he is muscular but he does have a large round belly. He is mostly bald the little hair he does have is gray and he sort of walks like a penguin. He tells me when I was younger he would rock me to sleep on his belly. He is the kind of person that is interesting to listen. His voice is calming and soothing. Every time that I need to hear e an honest opinion, I always go with my father, because he gives me his opinion from the bottom of his heart. At other times when he wants to tell me something that his good or bad, he waits the perfect moment to tell me, it is usually somewhere where that is calm and relaxed. My dad always tries to give me his advice. Sometimes it might appear as I don’t listen or care but when he gives me some advice, it is very important and dear to me. He gives me the support that everyone needs, when my does give his support, I feel safe and very confident. My father is very soothing and affectionate and loving man. He always treats my mom with love and care no matter where and with whom. He wraps his big but soft hands around her shoulders and tells her that he loves her. He never fails to tell me and my siblings how much he loves and cares about us. I will look into his glowing brown eyes and they are shining every time he says to me and that’s how I know he means it. I remember when I was younger around 6 maybe. My sister and I was in the royal court at school they had all the fathers dance with the daughter(the sweethearts). We were fighting just about that entire week on he gets to dance with him. One the day of the dance he took both us by the hands and with us both. We both felt warm and secure in his arms. At that moment I knew that he would as be there for us, he would as love us and do whatever it is to keep us happy. I will always love him and hope one day to meet someone like him. How to cite My Dad, My Hero, Essay examples

The Rose Review of the Teaching of Early Reading Findings and Recommendations Essay Example For Students

The Rose Review of the Teaching of Early Reading: Findings and Recommendations Essay The Rose Review of the Teaching of Early Reading: Findings and Recommendations BY KateP92 The Rose Review of the teaching of early reading (2006) identified that developing childrens positive attitudes to literacy, from the earliest stage is very important. Write a summary of the report which will inform practitioners of the main findings and recommendations regarding the teaching of reading. Discuss how the findings link to current curricular policy and practice in the teaching of reading. A debate has been rife in the UK over the past few years as to how best teach hildren to read, which culminated in an Independent Review of the Teaching of Early Reading. The Rose Review was published in March 2006, in light of Jim Roses findings it has become a legal obligation for schools to change the way they teach reading. Schools will be legally obliged to teach phonics and it will be formally built into the national curriculum. The report has recommended that there should be extra help for children who fall behind (Aldred, 2006). We will write a custom essay on The Rose Review of the Teaching of Early Reading: Findings and Recommendations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Rose focused a lot on phonics and also referred to children who had difficulties learning to read. These findings will e discussed further throughout, also building upon the opinions of critics. It has been found that some are in favour of these findings where as some have been critical of the review who find certain faults with it. In this extensive review by Jim Rose there were many factors discussed in terms of the early reading process, one of the main points Rose focused on was the use of phonics in the process of early reading development. Rose (2006, p. ) states the systematic approach, which is generally understood as synthetic phonics, offers the vast majority of young children the most direct route to becoming skilled readers and riters. This implies phonics is a successful way of teaching reading, however Rose states that it will help the vast majority, noting that some children will need more help than others. By definition, phonics emphasises how spellings are related t o speech sounds in systematic ways; simply put,phonics refers to letter-sound relationships (Crane and Law, 2009, p. ). This consequently makes it easier for children to learn new words. The process is backed by significant research. Countless research-studies have been conducted on phonics instruction. Much of his research has focused on the usefulness of phonics instruction and the best ways to teach children about sound-spelling relationships (Blevins,1998, p. 9). It is suggested in the report that phonics would boost the literacy skills of pupils, because they are learning to assemble words and their meanings at a younger age. Usually by the age of five according to the report the majority of children should have developed their reading skills through the teaching of phonics. There is much evidence that this approach can be effective. Such as the Clackmannanshire, Scotland study, which Rose based some of his report on. We report here a study of the effectiveness of a synthetic phonics programme in teaching reading and spelling. by the synthetic phonics method, one by the standard analytic phonics method, and one by an analytic phonics programme that included systematic phonemic awareness teaching without reference to print. At the end of the programme, the synthetic phonics taught group were reading and spelling 7 months ahead of chronological age. They read words around 7 months ahead of the other two groups, and were 8 to 9 months ahead in spelling. The other two groups then carried out the synthetic phonics programme, completing it by the end of Primary 1 Oohnston and Watson, 2005, p. 8). This provides validity to the Rose Review as there have been significant longitudinal studies on phonics, that have proved to be successful. Hence the change and enthusiasm of the teaching of early reading by phonics in the report. However not everyone agrees with the findings drawn from the Rose Review. Some believe the teaching of reading through the use of phonics, could be too much of a simple approach, and that they shouldnt Just rely on this one example. As it was required to use phonics in the teaching of reading and not optional teachers may have felt a lot of pressure regarding this new approach. The teaching unions have questioned the governments reliance on a one size fits all approach, which may not necessarily suit all children. They say it should be left to teachers to Judge how best teach their pupils (Aldred, 2006). Although this evidence suggests some are against the report Rose reiterates why this teaching method needs to be re-introduced. Nearly half the schools visited did not give enough time to teaching children the rucial skill of blending (synthesising) sounds together. .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f , .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f .postImageUrl , .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f , .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f:hover , .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f:visited , .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f:active { border:0!important; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f:active , .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u608e3cf8ac4a46f6a9bf005dcc9ee17f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Robin Hood, by Paul Creswick, is a story of great EssayInstead, teachers emphasised hearing and identifying the initial, final and the middle sounds in words. So even when children know sufficient letter-sound correspondences their lack of skill in blending sounds meant that they could not apply their knowledge to read words they had not seen before (Rose, 2006, p. 68). This goes to prove that steps had to be taken to improve the teaching of reading in schools, stating that phonics will also help them progress in other elements of reading, such as; speaking, listening and writing. The Rose Review also takes into consideration, the factors that can impact on reading development. Obviously, provision for teaching reading must fall within a well established, broader range of support for pupils learning English as an additional language, taking into account not only advanced bilingual learners but also those who are not so advanced, such as newly arrived learners of EAL, those with learning difficulties and those who may have special educational needs (Rose, 2006, p. 25). However there will surely always be significant problems with this such as; time and esources, the school could be in a deprived area, or overcrowding could be the case. Ellis says most current research shows that children need literacy teaching that is tailored to the individual. l dont think the English (phonics) systems works particularly well, she says. Those from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds need good, sharp, upfront teacher-driven interactive phonics right from the minute they start school (Ellis, cited in, Scott, 2010). This suggests it could take teachers a lot of time to find the correct way of introducing the teaching of phonics ecause every pupil has different needs. They may not be reaching their full progress. Therefore these considerations need to be taken into account and individual plans should be produced for children who have specific needs. It was suggested that phonics should be taught discreetly within the curriculum and also be made fun, this is where the role of the adult is important. It is clear that teachers and parents are role models, therefore the adult needs to support the child whilst they are learning to read. An early start on systematic phonic work is especially important for those children who do not have the dvantages of strong support for literacy at home (Rose, 2006, p. 32). It is evident that the support of an adult such as a teacher is crucial to helping a child through education, and equally as important as helping them read this will give them a stepping stone for later life experiences, if they have a positive role model within the school setting. Important, too, is the boost to childrens confidence, self-belief and attitudes to reading that is apparent when early phonic work is taught successfully within a language-rich curriculum (Rose, 2006, p. 33). By praising the child it is elping them gain confidence which will inevitably help their progress, therefore positive attitudes from adults will help support early reading development, whether it is in the home or an education based setting. As well as the adult building the childs confidence, there are also ways according to the Rose Report that phonics can be successful in the current curriculum. Obviously, the value of all six areas of learning must be acknowledged. However, the area of communication, language and literacy calls for carefully structured training that makes crystal clear, for example: how young children develop language; how their cquisition of language can be strengthened and enriched; how their language development is observed to make sure that any obstacles to progress are tackled early; how the precursors to reading and writing can help children make a good start on phonic work by the age of five (Rose, 2006, p. 0). As seen in the current curriculum teachers have different strategies in teaching phonics, as Rose suggested the teaching of phonics should be discreet, this can be seen in the classroom environment as teachers make the teaching of phonics fun, through varied activities and multi-sensory aids, such as; books, reading cards and aried activities to engage the child. There is also a guide to the teaching of phonics. Which according to the Rose Review needs to be followed as it is obligatory. The approved list of products and training will be in a catalogue to make it easier for schools to select products and training that best meet their requirements and the learning needs of their pupils. It will provide schools with a range of products and training that they can choose with the confidence that they all meet the criteria considered essential for good phonics teaching (Department for Education, 2012). This suggests these methods can be successful because there are clear guidelines to follow. .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c , .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c .postImageUrl , .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c , .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c:hover , .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c:visited , .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c:active { border:0!important; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c:active , .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5bc39fc6c2f6675cf3a1b11eb44fa89c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mystery Cults EssayIt will also be easier for teachers to recognise what children need extra help, if they are finding it difficult to learn as they have certain guidelines to follow. However some may disagree, such as practitioners because they may not find this method introduced, they may not feel comfortable as it hasnt been used before. Previously the searchlight model was used. The searchlight model has now been eradicated from the current curriculum, following the findings of the Rose Report. The NLS advocated using the Searchlight odel for reading which included a mixed approach of whole words, phonics, contextual cues and memorisation of the high-frequency word lis ts (Ott, 2007, p. 41-42). Rose (2006, p. 74) stated when it was introduced in 1998, the searchlights model also encapsulated what was currently accepted as best practice in the teaching of reading. This had the advantage of making it easier to bring teachers on board to accept the NLS framework for teaching. The reason why Rose may have chosen to change the current curriculum is because the searchlights model was described as very ambitious. There is clear evidence as to why there may be some criticisms to the new proposed teaching of reading through phonics as it is a new method of teaching, and may find it is a significant change that they are not used to. That said Rose stresses the importance of the adult in the teaching of reading, and to see positive results must boost motivation to use this method. In conclusion, the introduction of phonics to teach reading has been controversial. It is clear that the government have backed the Rose Review in light of the findings. However the actual practitioners who have to teach through the use of phonics have ad reservations. All that said from evidence gathered it is clear that, if taught properly and the guidelines followed it can be successful, as there have been positive results from studies. Such as the Clackmannanshire, Scotland study. It needs to take into account individual needs for children in the classroom as they will all be at different stages with their reading when starting school. This furthermore stresses the importance of the adult, whether it be in the home or a school setting. They need to have positive attitudes and continue to praise and help children towards their oals to see significant results. AldredJ. (2006) Synthetic Phonics. Available at: http://www. guardian. co. uk/education/ 2006/mar/20/schools. uk. Last accessed 29th November 2012 Blevins,W. (1998) Phonics from A to Z. Scholastic Inc. Crane, D, K. Law, K. (2009) Book 1, Phonics. Teacher Created Resources, Inc. Department for Education. (2012) Funding for Phonics Teaching to Improve Childrens Teaching. Available at: http://www. ed. gov. uk/inthenews/inthenews/a0076456/ December 2012 Ellis, S. cited in Scott, K. (2010) Phonics: Lost in Translation. Available at: http:// www. guardian. co. k/education/2010/Jan/1 Wphonics-child-literacy. Last accessed 4th December 2012. Johsnton, R, S. Watson, J. (2005) The Effects of Synthetic Phonics Teaching on Reading and Spelling Attainment A Seven Year Longitudinal Study. Available at: http://www. scotland. gov. uk/resource/doc/36496/0023582. pdf. Last accessed 29th November 2012. Ott, P. (2007) How to Manage Spelling Successfully. Routledge. Rose, J. (2006) Independent Review of the Teaching of Early Reading. Available at: https://www. education. gov. uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/ DFES-0201-2006. Last accessed: 4th December 2012.

The Incas essays

The Incas essays The Incas were South American Indian people who ruled one of the largest and richest empires in the Americas. The capital of the Incas was centered in Cusco, Peru. The Inca empire was conquered by Spanish forces soon after their arrival in 1532. The Inca were skilled in engineering and in crafts. They built a network of roads linking distant provinces of the empire, and their architecture is known for its great size and skillful construction. Overall Incas were very highly skilled people or professionals at heart. The Incas way of life was not like the Northern Americans way of life. The Incas may have been skilled in craftworks but they were not the most literate people around. They did not develop a writing system so until after the Spanish conquered them there were no written records about them. The Incas survived off of their farms. They did not have plows pulled by animals, in turn they had irrigation systems of their own they built. The main crops of the Inca were corn, potatoes, and oca. They used the corn to make chich, a type of beer. There were many different types of clothing styles for the Incas, it basically depended on what region you lived in. Some of the outfits consist of: alpacas, and llamas made of wool, cotton clothing, fine cloth and jewelry. Another different way of life of the Inca was that they lived in extended-families. The Incas back then were just like people now a days in ways too. Point being that they were determined by social rank. Religion back then was another way they were similar to todays society. They believed that their most important God, Viracocha created them. The Inca had no system of money. They normally would trade things to pay people, although the government controlled that. Other ways to get around other than their network of roads consisted of things such as suspension bridges that still are visible today. The government of the Inca were ruled b...

Hypertension Nursing Diagnosis 6 Care Plans for Any Patient

Hypertension Nursing Diagnosis 6 Care Plans for Any Patient SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is an issue that affects millions of people around the world. If not properly treated, hypertension can lead to serious issues, including heart attack or stroke. That means it’s imperative to have an accurate nursing diagnosis for hypertension as well as an effective care plan. After explaining what hypertension is, what causes it, and what common symptoms are, this guide explains six key hypertension nursing diagnoses. For each diagnosis, the NANDA definition, potential evidence, and desired outcomes are explained, as well as steps to take for the nursing intervention. Nursing Diagnosis for Hypertension: What Is It? Normal blood pressure is when blood pressure is lower than 120/80 mmHg most of the time. A patient is diagnosed with hypertension, the medical term for high blood pressure, when their blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg most of the time. There are several levels of hypertension: Normal Blood Pressure: Lower than 120/ 80 Prehypertension: 120-139/80-89 Stage 1 Hypertension: 140-159/90-99 Stage 2 Hypertension: 160+/100+ Hypertension can be dangerous because it can make the heart work harder to pump blood to the body, which can increase the risk of heart failure, stroke, and hardening of the arteries. What Causes Hypertension? The exact cause of hypertension is not often known. Primary (or essential) hypertension is when hypertension has no known cause, or there is no evidence to link it to a specific cause. Primary hypertension makes up about 90% of all hypertension cases. Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure that does have an identifiable cause. Potential causes of hypertension (primary or secondary) include: Being overweight or obese Smoking Genetics/family history of hypertension A diet high in salt Consuming more than 1-2 alcoholic drinks a day Stress Old age Lack of exercise Sleep apnea Kidney disease Thyroid disorders Signs and Symptoms of Hypertension Hypertension does not always cause symptoms; in fact, about a third of people who have hypertension don’t know they have it because of no or few symptoms. Below are some of the most common symptoms of hypertension: Headache Ringing or buzzing in the ears Fatigue Irregular heartbeat Confusion or dizziness Nosebleed Blurred vision Difficulty breathing Chest pain Blood in the urine Nursing Care Plans for Hypertension Once a patient is found to have high blood pressure, it’s important to follow the appropriate nursing diagnosis and nursing care plan for hypertension in order to reduce the effects of hypertension and keep the patient’s health and quality of life high. Below are six nursing care plans for hypertension. These six care plans cover the main issues associated with hypertension. Each one includes its own nursing diagnosis, NANDA definition, possible signs of evidence, desired outcome, and nursing interventions. Use the NANDA definition and potential evidence to determine the correct nursing care plan for hypertension. Some patients may require multiple care plans. Hypertension Nursing Diagnosis #1: Risk for Decreased Cardiac Output NANDA Definition: Inadequate blood pumped by the heart to meet metabolic demands of the body. Possibly Evidenced By: N/A. This intervention is used to in order to prevent decreased cardiac output from occurring. Desired Outcomes: Show stable cardiac rhythm and rate. Maintain blood pressure within an acceptable range. Participate in activities that lower blood pressure and cardiac load. Interventions: Check patient’s lab data (cardiac markers, blood cell count, electrolytes, ABGs, etc.) to determine contributing factors. Monitor and record blood pressure in both arms and thighs Measure blood pressure in both hands. Auscultation of breath sounds and heart rhythm. Observe patient’s skin color, temperature, and capillary refill time. Advise the patient on reducing sodium intake, if needed. Administer medication, if needed. Hypertension Nursing Diagnosis #2: Acute Pain (Typically Headache) NANDA Definition: Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the person says it does; an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage sudden or slow onset of any intensity from mild to severe with an anticipated or predictable end and a duration of. Possibly Evidenced By: Patient reports throbbing pain in head, most often upon awakening. Changes in appetite. Patient reports neck stiffness, blurred vision, dizziness, nausea, and/or vomiting. Desired Outcomes: Patient states they are no longer suffering from a headache and appear comfortable and pain-free. Interventions: Determine the specifics of the pain, such as intensity, where it is located, and how long it has been going on. Note the patient’s attitude towards pain and any history of substance abuse. Encourage rest during severe pain episodes. Recommend methods of relief, such as neck and back rubs, applying cool cloths to the forehead, and avoiding bright lights. Limit how much the patient moves around. Provide medication, if needed. Hypertension Nursing Diagnosis #3: Activity Intolerance NANDA Definition: Insufficient physiological or psychological energy to endure or complete required or desired daily activities. Possibly Evidenced By: Patient reporting weakness or fatigue. Abnormal heart rate as a result of activity. Exertional discomfort or dyspnea. Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes reflecting ischemia; dysrhythmias. Desired Outcomes: Patient participates in necessary and/or desired activities. Uses identified techniques to enhance activity tolerance. Reports a measurable increase in his/her tolerance for activity. Demonstrates a decrease in noticeable signs of intolerance. Interventions: Note each of the factors that contribute to fatigue (age, health, illness, etc.). Evaluate the patient’s degree of activity intolerance and when it occurs. Monitor how the patient responds to activity (pulse, heart rate, chest pain, dizziness, excessive fatigue, etc.). Explain energy conserving techniques (shower chairs, sitting to brush teeth, etc.). Assess any emotional factors that may be contributing to activity intolerance (such as depression or anxiety). Encourage the patient to engage in self-care and progressive activity when possible. Hypertension Nursing Diagnosis #4: Ineffective Coping NANDA Definition: Inability to form a valid appraisal of the stressors, inadequate choices of practiced responses, and/or inability to use available resources. Possibly Evidenced By: Patient states he/she is unable to cope; patient asks for help. Worry, irritability, anxiety, and/or depression as a result of hypertension diagnosis. Destructive behavior such as overeating, lack of appetite; excessive smoking/drinking, and/or alcohol abuse Desired Outcomes: Patient can identify his/her ineffective coping techniques and their consequences. Verbalizes awareness of own coping abilities. Identifies potentially stressful situations and takes steps to avoid or modify them. Shows the use of effective coping skills. Interventions: Determine what specific areas the patient has difficulty coping with. Assess the effectiveness of the patient’s current coping skills and where improvements can be made. Help the patient identify specific stressors and how to cope with them. Work with the patient to develop a care plan, and encourage participation in the plan. Help the patient identify and begin planning for necessary lifestyle changes. Encourage the patient to evaluate his/her priorities and goals in life. Hypertension Nursing Diagnosis #5: Imbalanced Nutrition (More Than Body Requirements) NANDA Definition: Intake of nutrients that exceeds metabolic needs. Possibly Evidenced By: Patient’s weight is 10%–20% more than ideal his/her height and frame. Reported or observed dysfunctional eating patterns. Desired Outcomes: Patient understands the relationship between hypertension and obesity. Initiates/maintains an appropriate exercise program. Shows changes in eating patterns, such as food choice and/or quantity, to attain a healthier body weight. Interventions: Assess the patient’s understanding of the relationship between hypertension and obesity. Discuss the relationship between hypertension and obesity with the patient. Discuss the need for a decreased caloric intake, as well as a limited intake of salt, sugar, and fat. Determine the patient’s desire to lose weight. Help the patient establish a realistic exercise plan. Help the patient establish a realistic nutrition plan. Refer the patient to a nutritionist, if needed. Hypertension Nursing Diagnosis #6: Knowledge Deficit NANDA Definition: Absence or deficiency of cognitive information related to a specific topic. Possibly Evidenced By: Verbalization of the problem. Patient requires information or more information, or he/she doesn’t understand the information given. Patient inaccurately follows instructions. Patient appears agitated, hostile, or upset when the condition and ways for managing it are discussed. Desired Outcomes: Patient can express his/her knowledge of the management and treatment of hypertension. Patient correctly uses the drugs they are prescribed and understand their side effects. Interventions: Determine what information the patient currently understands. Assess readiness and blocks to learning. Include the patient’s partner, if possible. Describe the nature of hypertension, how it affects different parts of the body, and how it can be treated. Avoid using the term â€Å"normal BP†. Instead use the term â€Å"well-controlled† to describe patient’s BP within desired limits. Discuss with the patient changes he/she can make in order to manage hypertension. Discuss the importance of maintaining a stable weight. Discuss the need for low-calorie diet, low in sodium to order. Help the patient create a schedule for taking medications. Direct the patient to other resources that can be used to better understand and manage hypertension. Review: Diagnosing and Treating Hypertension Hypertension, the medical term for high blood pressure, is an issue that can have serious and long-term health effects if it isn’t properly managed. Therefore, having an effective nursing care plan for hypertension is important. While it’s often difficult to pinpoint the cause of hypertension, high blood pressure may be caused by the weight, smoking, high sodium intake, and/or genetics, as well as other factors. Some symptoms of hypertension can include headache, dizziness, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and/or chest pain, although some patients with hypertension don’t show any symptoms. There are six key nursing diagnoses for hypertension. Risk for decreased cardiac output Acute pain (typically headache) Activity intolerance Ineffective coping Imbalanced nutrition (more than body requirements) Knowledge deficit For each nursing diagnosis for hypertension, it’s important to know the NANDA definition, possible signs of evidence, desired outcome, and nursing interventions. What's Next? Thinking about exploring a career in healthcare administration? Read our complete guide to getting a healthcare administration degree, with explanations for what levels of qualification you need for different careers.